Acid-Base Disorders - Clinical Mastery Series

About This Series

This collection of evidence-based clinical reviews covers the major topics in acid-base physiology and pathophysiology essential for PA students, medical students, and residents. Each module is designed for both rapid review and deep learning.

Author: Andrew Bland, MD, MBA, MS

Acid-Base Modules

1. Acid-Base Student Guide (ABC Method)

Systematic approach to blood gas interpretation. Covers the ABC framework, Winter's formula, anion gap, MUDPILES/USED CARP mnemonics, delta-delta ratio, and clinical cases with worked examples.

Foundation Level

2. ABG vs VBG Blood Gas Analysis

Clinical comparison of arterial, venous, and capillary blood gases. Covers pH/PCO2/PO2 agreement, the pain-hyperventilation artifact, neonatal CBG, and a clinical decision framework.

Clinical Application

3. Renal Tubular Acidosis Types I–IV

Comprehensive review of all RTA types: pathophysiology, etiologies, diagnostic algorithms, urine anion gap, FEHCO3 testing, and management including alkali therapy, fludrocortisone, and potassium binders.

Advanced Clinical

4. SGLT2 Euglycemic DKA

Literature review of SGLT2 inhibitor-associated euglycemic DKA. Epidemiology, insulin-glucagon ratio shift, risk factors, perioperative management, prevention, and acute treatment protocols.

Pharmacology & Safety

5. IV Sodium Bicarbonate in Critical Care

Evidence-based review of bicarbonate therapy in the ICU. Effectiveness, paradoxical intracellular acidosis, cerebral effects, and the quantifiable relationship between pH and vasopressor responsiveness.

Critical Care

Series Information

Author	Andrew Bland, MD, MBA, MS
Series	Clinical Mastery Series — Acid-Base Disorders
Affiliations	Medical Associates Department of Nephrology \| University of Dubuque PA Program
Audience	PA Students, Medical Students, Residents