1 · Approach
Use the opening diagram and short lessons before the patient.
Self-study and additional cases · Day 4
4 cases now use the same sequence, with 29 short lessons and opening, interpretation and treatment figures.
Open the collected self-study teaching ↓ · Browse the self-study case guide
Teach Day 4 from one place
Opening frameworks, 35 Learn first sections, stage-specific infographics and direct lecture links for the three classroom cases. Use the short lesson before its question, then return to the case to commit, discuss and reveal.
Session plan and self-study cases · Shared opening lecture · Day 4 figures in the visual library
Treat urgent threats while you evaluate
Look for severe electrolyte disturbance, shock, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis and an infected obstructed kidney. Treat the threat while deciding whether AKI is prerenal, intrinsic, postrenal or mixed.
Name the threat, begin indicated treatment, investigate in parallel, then reassess.
Case 10: Two Dark Urines
Start with the approach, then build the case
Start with perfusion, urine and imaging; compare ischemic tubular injury with pigment injury and track the accompanying electrolyte risks.
2 · Findings
Revisit urgency as history, examination and initial data arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the urine, blood or imaging guide at the relevant decision.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the management plan with response, monitoring and follow-up.
Opening visual framework
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Learn first · all 12 decision primers
All relevant lecture connections for this case
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-01, aki-02, aki-03, aki-04, aki-05, aki-06, aki-08, aki-09, aki-11, aki-12, aki-13, aki-15, aki-22, aki-23, aki-24, aki-25, glom-01, lytes-17, lytes-19, lytes-21.
AKI definition & KDIGO staging (aki-01)
eGFR is invalid in AKI (aki-02)
Prerenal / intrinsic / post-renal framework (aki-03)
Prerenal AKI: recognize & treat (aki-04)
FENa / FEUrea and their limits (aki-05)
UA & sediment in AKI (aki-06)
Ischemic ATN (aki-08)
Nephrotoxic ATN: aminoglycosides & vancomycin (aki-09)
Rhabdomyolysis / myoglobinuric AKI (aki-11)
Rhabdomyolysis lecture — Clinical Diagnosis & Emergency Management
Acute interstitial nephritis (aki-12)
Hemodynamic AKI & the triple whammy (aki-13)
Sick-day rules & nephrotoxin avoidance (aki-15)
Urgent dialysis indications (AEIOU) & when to call (aki-22)
Fluid strategy in AKI (aki-23)
Hyperkalemia & other AKI complications (aki-24)
Drug dosing during AKI (aki-25)
Renal pharmacology lecture — Drug Dosing: Principles of Renal Clearance
Post-AKI follow-up & AKI → CKD (aki-26)
Hypocalcemia recognition and treatment (lytes-17)
Phosphorus basics (lytes-19)
Anion gap metabolic acidosis (lytes-21)
Dipstick: what each pad detects and its pitfalls (glom-01)
Case 11: The Stone in the Only Kidney
Start with the approach, then build the case
Find the level of obstruction, identify whether infection or a solitary kidney changes urgency, and anticipate a different risk after drainage.
1 · Approach
Use the opening diagram and short lessons before the patient.
2 · Findings
Revisit urgency as history, examination and initial data arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the urine, blood or imaging guide at the relevant decision.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the management plan with response, monitoring and follow-up.
Opening visual framework
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Learn first · all 11 decision primers
All relevant lecture connections for this case
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-03, aki-07, aki-13, aki-17, aki-18, aki-22, aki-25, lytes-12, lytes-13, structural-01, structural-02, structural-03, structural-05, structural-06, structural-07, structural-08, structural-14, structural-20.
Prerenal / intrinsic / post-renal framework (aki-03)
AKI BMP pattern recognition guide — Part 1: Three-compartment AKI framework
Renal / bladder US and first-line imaging (aki-07)
Obstructive uropathy handout — III. Hydronephrosis and upper urinary tract obstruction
Obstructive uropathy / post-renal AKI (aki-17)
Obstructive uropathy handout — IV. AKI without hydronephrosis (NDOU)
Post-obstructive diuresis (aki-18)
Urgent dialysis indications (AEIOU) and when to call nephrology (aki-22)
Dialysis prescription and complications — Urgent dialysis indications: AEIOU
Hyperkalemia and other AKI complications (aki-24)
Drug dosing during AKI (aki-25)
Hyperkalemia: recognition, ECG and pseudohyperkalemia (lytes-12)
Hyperkalemia lecture — Recognize risk before choosing a treatment
Hyperkalemia emergency treatment sequence (lytes-13)
Hyperkalemia lecture — Protect the myocardium / Shift / Arrange removal
Renal colic: recognition and imaging choice (structural-01)
Nephrolithiasis handout — III. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
Acute stone management and escalation (structural-02)
Nephrolithiasis handout — IV. Medical management / VI. Surgical indications
Stone types, first-line prevention, who gets a 24-h urine (structural-03)
Nephrolithiasis lecture — Stone types and directed therapy; The metabolic workup
Pyelonephritis and complicated UTI in CKD or obstruction (structural-05)
UTI assessment and treatment — Evidence-based UTI treatment guidelines
Acute urinary retention (BPH) and post-renal AKI (structural-06)
Obstructive uropathy handout — I. BPH and lower urinary tract obstruction
Hydronephrosis: unilateral vs bilateral/solitary, infected obstruction, decompression (structural-07)
Obstructive nephropathy imaging review — 2. Renal ultrasound: capabilities and limitations
Post-obstructive diuresis (structural-08)
Renal imaging modality selection (structural-14)
Renal labs and imaging handout — Section 3: Renal imaging modalities
Case 12: The Mass in the Picture
Start with the approach, then build the case
Confirm severe hypercalcemia, let PTH organize the workup, and evaluate the renal mass without assuming it explains every finding.
1 · Approach
Use the opening diagram and short lessons before the patient.
2 · Findings
Revisit urgency as history, examination and initial data arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the urine, blood or imaging guide at the relevant decision.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the management plan with response, monitoring and follow-up.
Opening visual framework
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the diagram with the teaching text, then apply it to the case findings.
Learn first · all 12 decision primers
All relevant lecture connections for this case
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-03, aki-04, aki-07, aki-10, aki-26, aki-27, glom-06, lytes-10, lytes-15, lytes-16, structural-12, structural-13, structural-14, structural-15, structural-23.
Prerenal / intrinsic / post-renal framework (aki-03)
Prerenal AKI: recognize and treat (aki-04)
Renal / bladder US and first-line imaging (aki-07)
Contrast-associated AKI (aki-10)
Contrast-associated AKI lecture — Prevention; What Does NOT Work
Post-AKI follow-up and AKI → CKD (aki-26)
AKI lecture — Post-AKI Follow-Up Care · AKI staging student handout — AKI → CKD Transition: Critical Window
Outpatient creatinine bump: triage (aki-27)
Hypernatremia and diabetes insipidus basics (lytes-10)
Hypernatremia lecture — Central vs Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Hypercalcemia workup and differential (lytes-15)
Hypercalcemia lecture — Diagnostic Approach: PTH-Dependent vs PTH-Independent
Hypercalcemia emergency treatment (lytes-16)
Hematuria workup: glomerular vs urologic (glom-06)
Simple vs complex renal cyst (structural-12)
Incidental renal mass / RCC red flags; AML (structural-13)
Renal imaging modality selection (structural-14)
Renal labs and imaging student handout — Section 3: Renal Imaging Modalities
Contrast risk: iodinated and gadolinium (structural-15)
Renal labs and imaging student handout — Section 4: Contrast Considerations
Metformin rules (structural-23)
Drug dosing quick reference — Part 5: Antidiabetic Medications
Return to the week
Bring the lecture to the bedside · Course evidence guide · Integrated case summaries
Self-study and additional cases · Day 4
Open a case below for its teaching, diagrams and lecture links. Use the staged case to answer the questions and reveal explanations.
Case 27: The Day-Six Creatinine · 8 short lessons
Approach → findings → interpretation → treatment
Map exposures against the creatinine and sediment timeline. Allow overlapping tubular and interstitial injury, and reassess dosing as kidney function changes.
1 · Approach
Read the opening framework and urgent-threat checkpoint.
2 · Findings
Build the pattern as the history, examination and results arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the mechanism to explain the blood, urine or imaging findings.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the treatment with the response, risks and follow-up.
Review the shared urgent-threat framework →
Opening visual framework
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Learn first · decision primers
Explain the whole case
Which findings support more than one AKI mechanism, and how will the medication plan change during recovery?
All relevant lecture connections
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-02, aki-06, aki-09, aki-10, aki-12, aki-25, aki-26, ckd-18, structural-15, structural-21, structural-23.
UA & sediment in AKI (aki-06)
Nephrotoxic ATN: aminoglycosides & vancomycin (aki-09)
Contrast-associated AKI (aki-10)
Contrast-associated AKI lecture — Prevention; What Does NOT Work
Acute interstitial nephritis (aki-12)
Drug dosing during AKI (aki-25)
Renal pharmacology lecture — Antibiotic Dosing in AKI and CKD
Post-AKI follow-up & AKI → CKD (aki-26)
Contrast risk: iodinated and gadolinium (structural-15)
Renal labs and imaging handout — Section 4: Contrast Considerations
Aminoglycosides and vancomycin (structural-21)
Renal pharmacology lecture — Antibiotic Dosing in AKI and CKD
Metformin rules (structural-23)
Drug dosing quick reference — Part 5: Antidiabetic Medications
Drug dosing in CKD (ckd-18)
Drug dosing quick reference — Part 1: Principles of Drug Dosing in CKD
Case 28: The Lymphoma Admission · 8 short lessons
Approach → findings → interpretation → treatment
Recognize tumor lysis and treat cardiac, calcium and volume threats in parallel. Review superimposed crystal injury and arrange definitive removal when needed.
1 · Approach
Read the opening framework and urgent-threat checkpoint.
2 · Findings
Build the pattern as the history, examination and results arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the mechanism to explain the blood, urine or imaging findings.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the treatment with the response, risks and follow-up.
Review the shared urgent-threat framework →
Opening visual framework
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Learn first · decision primers
Explain the whole case
Which treatments stabilize, which shift, which remove, and what continues to drive rebound?
All relevant lecture connections
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-16, aki-21, aki-22, aki-23, aki-24, aki-25, lytes-13, lytes-17, lytes-19.
Crystal nephropathy (aki-16)
AKI lecture — Crystalopathy: Crystal-Induced Tubular Obstruction & AKI · Drug-induced AKI overview — Crystal Nephropathy
Tumor lysis syndrome basics (aki-21)
TLS lecture — Definition & Pathophysiology; Prevention Strategies
Urgent dialysis indications (AEIOU) & when to call nephrology (aki-22)
Hyperkalemia & other AKI complications (aki-24)
Hyperkalemia emergency treatment sequence (lytes-13)
Hypocalcemia recognition and treatment (lytes-17)
Hypocalcemia lecture — Emergency Protocol: Symptomatic Hypocalcemia
Phosphorus basics (lytes-19)
Case 29: The Cirrhotic's Creatinine · 6 short lessons
Approach → findings → interpretation → treatment
Separate total-body fluid excess from effective arterial filling. Investigate infection, depletion, drugs and obstruction before assigning the HRS phenotype.
1 · Approach
Read the opening framework and urgent-threat checkpoint.
2 · Findings
Build the pattern as the history, examination and results arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the mechanism to explain the blood, urine or imaging findings.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the treatment with the response, risks and follow-up.
Review the shared urgent-threat framework →
Opening visual framework
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Learn first · decision primers
Explain the whole case
Why does a low urine sodium not establish HRS, and what response to treatment changes the working diagnosis?
All relevant lecture connections
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-03, aki-04, aki-05, aki-20, aki-23, htn-cardiorenal-26, lytes-07, lytes-14, structural-20.
Prerenal / intrinsic / post-renal framework (aki-03)
AKI BMP pattern guide — Part 1: Three-Compartment AKI Framework · AKI lecture — Systematic Diagnostic Approach
FENa / FEUrea and their limits (aki-05)
AKI lecture — FeNa and FeUrea: Know Their Limits · Urinalysis lecture — FeNa Calculator with Clinical Context
Hepatorenal basics (aki-20)
HRS handout — Diagnostic Approach; Management: The Stepwise Approach
Hepatorenal syndrome recognition (htn-cardiorenal-26)
HRS handout — Updated Classification: HRS-AKI and HRS-non-AKI; Summary Table: HRS at a Glance
Hypervolemic hyponatremia (lytes-07)
Hyponatremia lecture — Hypervolemic hyponatremia: cirrhosis with ascites
Chronic and drug-related hyperkalemia; type 4 RTA (lytes-14)
Hyperkalemia lecture — Find the mechanism and reversible contributors · RTA types — Type 4: Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis
NSAIDs and the kidney (structural-20)
NSAID-induced AKI lecture — Risk Factors for NSAID-Induced Kidney Injury · Renal pharmacology — 6. NSAID Alternatives for Pain Management in CKD
Case 30: The Prostate Problem · 7 short lessons
Approach → findings → interpretation → treatment
Identify impaired emptying, relieve significant obstruction and anticipate the change from retention to post-obstructive water and electrolyte losses.
1 · Approach
Read the opening framework and urgent-threat checkpoint.
2 · Findings
Build the pattern as the history, examination and results arrive.
3 · Lab interpretation
Use the mechanism to explain the blood, urine or imaging findings.
4 · Treatment and reassessment
Connect the treatment with the response, risks and follow-up.
Review the shared urgent-threat framework →
Opening visual framework
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Lab interpretation guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Treatment and reassessment guide
Use the visual framework with the case findings and the linked lecture.
Learn first · decision primers
Explain the whole case
What changes after drainage, and which follow-up decisions prevent recurrent retention and treatment-related falls?
All relevant lecture connections
Return to the lecture topics
Assigned reading: the explanations in this case and the question-linked course evidence guide. The objective map distinguishes tested decisions from concepts taught in explanations.
Concepts: aki-01, aki-07, aki-17, aki-18, lytes-13, lytes-14, lytes-23, lytes-24, structural-04, structural-06, structural-08, structural-18, structural-25.
Renal / bladder US and first-line imaging (aki-07)
Obstructive uropathy handout — III. Hydronephrosis and Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction · Obstructive nephropathy imaging review — 2. Renal Ultrasound: Capabilities and Limitations
Obstructive uropathy / post-renal AKI (aki-17)
Obstructive uropathy handout — III. Hydronephrosis; IV. AKI Without Hydronephrosis (NDOU)
Post-obstructive diuresis (aki-18)
Obstructive uropathy handout — V. Post-Obstructive Diuresis (POD)
UTI vs asymptomatic bacteriuria; culture logic (structural-04)
UTI assessment lecture — Asymptomatic Bacteriuria; Evidence-Based UTI Assessment Algorithm · UTI prevention handout — Section 8: When to Refer to Urology
Acute urinary retention (BPH) and post-renal AKI (structural-06)
Post-obstructive diuresis (structural-08)
Obstructive uropathy handout — V. Post-Obstructive Diuresis (POD)
Geriatric nephrology basics (structural-25)
Geriatric nephrology handout — II. eGFR Interpretation in Elderly; III. Geriatric Drug Dosing in CKD
Chronic and drug-related hyperkalemia; type 4 RTA (lytes-14)
Hyperkalemia lecture — Find the mechanism and reversible contributors · RTA types — Type 4: Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis
Non-anion gap acidosis and urine anion gap (lytes-23)
Metabolic acidosis lecture — Urinary Anion Gap · Acid-base student guide — 7. Non-Anion Gap Acidosis